AI & Web3 Glossary

51% Attack

Web3

A 51% attack occurs when a single entity gains majority control of a blockchain's consensus...

Account Abstraction

Web3

Account abstraction allows smart contracts to serve as user accounts with programmable...

ACID Properties

Tech

ACID properties are the four guarantees that define reliable database transactions: Atomicity,...

Activation Function

AI

An activation function is a mathematical transformation applied to each neuron's output in a neural...

Adapter

AI

An adapter is a small trainable module inserted into a frozen pretrained model, enabling...

Agent

AI

An Agent is an AI system that perceives its environment, makes decisions, and takes actions to...

Agentic Loop

AI

An agentic loop is the core execution pattern of AI agent systems: the repeated cycle of perceiving...

Agentic Workflow

AI

An agentic workflow shifts AI interactions from single-shot prompts to iterative, autonomous...

AI Alignment

AI

AI alignment is the research field focused on making AI systems pursue goals that match human...

AI Safety

AI

AI safety studies how to design, build, test, and operate AI systems so they behave as intended and...

Airdrop

Web3

An airdrop is a token distribution method where a project sends free tokens directly to wallet...

Algorithmic Bias

AI

Algorithmic bias is when a computer-based decision-making process produces systematically unfair...

Alignment

AI

Alignment is the problem of making AI systems pursue goals compatible with human values. It's...

API (Application Programming Interface)

Tech

An API is an interface for software to communicate with other software. Instead of directly...

APY vs APR

Web3

APR (Annual Percentage Rate) and APY (Annual Percentage Yield) both express yearly interest rates,...

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

AI

Artificial General Intelligence represents a threshold in AI development where a system matches or...

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

AI

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) refers to a hypothetical form of machine intelligence that...

Atomic Swap

Web3

An atomic swap is a trustless peer-to-peer exchange of cryptocurrencies across different...

Attention Head

AI

An attention head is one of multiple parallel attention mechanisms within a transformer layer, each...

Attention Mechanism

AI

The attention mechanism is the core innovation inside transformer models that allows them to weigh...

Attention Score

AI

An attention score quantifies how much one position in a sequence should attend to another position...

Autoencoder

AI

An autoencoder is a neural network trained to reconstruct its input through a compressed...

Automated Market Maker (AMM)

Web3

An automated market maker is a type of decentralized exchange protocol that uses mathematical...

Autonomous Agents

AI

Autonomous Agents are AI systems designed to pursue complex, multi-step goals with virtually zero...

Backpropagation

AI

Backpropagation is the algorithm that makes deep learning possible by efficiently computing how...

Basis Trade

Web3

Basis trade profits from the price difference between spot and futures markets, exploiting the...

Batch Normalization

AI

Batch normalization is a technique for stabilizing and accelerating neural network training by...

Beam Search

AI

Beam search is a decoding algorithm for language models that maintains multiple candidate sequences...

BERT

AI

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a transformer-based language...

Blockchain

Web3

A blockchain is a distributed ledger maintained by a network of nodes. Each block contains...

Borrow Rate

Web3

Borrow rate is the interest rate paid to borrow assets from a DeFi lending protocol, dynamically...

Bridge

Web3

A bridge is a protocol for transferring assets between different blockchains. Blockchains are...

Byte-Pair Encoding

AI

Byte-pair encoding is a subword tokenization algorithm that iteratively builds a vocabulary by...

Caching Strategy

Tech

Caching strategies determine how data flows between cache and underlying storage, optimizing for...

Causal Masking

AI

Causal masking is an attention mechanism constraint that prevents each position from attending to...

CDN (Content Delivery Network)

Tech

A Content Delivery Network is a group of servers spread across many locations around the world that...

Chain-of-Thought Prompting

AI

Chain-of-thought prompting is a technique where you instruct a language model to reason step by...

Chunking

AI

Chunking is the process of splitting documents into smaller segments for embedding and retrieval in...

CI/CD

Tech

CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment. Continuous Integration means...

Circuit Breaker

Tech

A circuit breaker is a software design pattern that prevents cascading failures in distributed...

Circulating Supply

Web3

Circulating supply counts the number of tokens currently available for trading in the market,...

CLIP

AI

CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a multimodal model from OpenAI that learns to...

Cluster Analysis

AI

Cluster analysis groups a collection of items so that members of the same group are more similar to...

Cold Storage

Web3

In cryptocurrency, cold storage means keeping private keys on a device that is completely...

Cold Wallet

Web3

A cold wallet is a cryptocurrency storage method where private keys are kept offline, completely...

Collateralization Ratio

Web3

Collateralization ratio measures the value of deposited collateral relative to borrowed assets,...

Composability

Web3

Composability in DeFi is the property that allows smart contracts to interact with each other...

Computer Vision

AI

Computer vision is the field of artificial intelligence that enables machines to interpret and...

Concentrated Liquidity

Web3

Concentrated liquidity allows liquidity providers to specify price ranges for their capital rather...

Consensus Mechanism

Web3

A consensus mechanism is a protocol that lets nodes agree on the state of a blockchain without a...

Consistency Hashing

Tech

Consistency hashing is a technique for distributing keys across a dynamic set of servers, like in...

Constitutional AI

AI

Constitutional AI is a training approach where an AI system evaluates its own outputs against a set...

Containerization (Docker)

Tech

Containerization packages software so it runs identically on any machine with the container...

Context Window

AI

A context window is the maximum amount of text a language model can process in a single...

Continuous Integration / Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Tech

Continuous Integration / Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) automates the pipeline from writing code to...

Contrastive Learning

AI

Contrastive learning is a self-supervised training approach that learns representations by pulling...

Convolutional Neural Network

AI

A convolutional neural network is a neural architecture designed for processing grid-structured...

CORS

Tech

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a browser security mechanism that controls which web pages...

Cross-Attention

AI

Cross-attention is an attention mechanism where one sequence attends to a different sequence,...

Cross-Chain Bridge

Web3

A cross-chain bridge enables transferring tokens, data, or messages between separate blockchains...

Cross-Entropy Loss

AI

Cross-entropy loss is the standard objective function for training classification and language...

Cryptocurrency Wallet

Web3

A cryptocurrency wallet stores the private and public cryptographic keys needed to send, receive,...

Cryptographic Hash Function

Web3

A cryptographic hash function takes an input of any size and produces a fixed-length string of...

Data Availability

Web3

Data availability (DA) ensures that transaction data is accessible to anyone who needs to verify...

Data Availability Sampling (DAS)

Web3

Data Availability Sampling (DAS) is a protocol that lets nodes verify a block's data is fully...

Database Index

Tech

A database index is a data structure that accelerates query performance by maintaining sorted...

Database Sharding

Tech

Database sharding horizontally partitions data across multiple database instances based on a shard...

Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)

Web3

A DAO is an organization governed by smart contracts and token holders rather than traditional...

Decentralized Exchange (DEX)

Web3

A decentralized exchange (DEX) lets users trade cryptocurrencies directly with each other through...

Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Web3

Decentralized Finance is a category of financial services built on blockchain without traditional...

Decentralized Identity (DID)

Web3

Decentralized Identity (DID) is an architectural change in how identity, credentials, and...

Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN)

Web3

Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) combine real-world hardware assets, like...

Decentralized Sequencer

Web3

A decentralized sequencer orders transactions in a distributed ledger without relying on a single...

Deep Learning

AI

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that uses neural networks with many layers to learn...

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)

Web3

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) is a consensus mechanism where token holders elect a limited number...

Delta Neutral

Web3

Delta neutral describes a portfolio or position structured to have zero net directional exposure to...

DePIN

Web3

Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks are blockchain projects that incentivize individuals...

Diffusion Model

AI

A diffusion model generates data by learning to reverse a gradual noising process, iteratively...

Digital Twin

Tech

A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical object, process, or system that updates in real...

Direct Preference Optimization

AI

Direct Preference Optimization is an alignment technique that fine-tunes language models directly...

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

Web3

A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a data structure made of nodes connected by edges that have a...

DNS (Domain Name System)

Tech

The Domain Name System is the phone book of the internet. When you type a website address like...

Docker

Tech

Docker is a platform for packaging applications and dependencies into containers. A container...

Document Retrieval

AI

Document retrieval finds relevant documents from a corpus given a query, forming the foundation of...

Double Spend

Web3

Double spending is the fundamental problem of digital currency: spending the same digital token...

Double-Spending

Web3

Double-spending is the act of using the same unit of digital currency more than once. Unlike...

Dropout

AI

Dropout is a regularization technique that randomly deactivates a fraction of neurons during each...

Dust Attack

Web3

A dust attack is a privacy-breaking technique where attackers send tiny amounts of cryptocurrency...

Edge AI

AI

Edge AI runs artificial intelligence algorithms directly on devices at the periphery of a network,...

Edge Computing

Tech

Edge computing means processing data near the source rather than sending it to a centralized cloud...

Embeddings

AI

Embeddings are vector representations of text, images, or other data in high-dimensional space. The...

Emission Rate

Web3

Emission rate measures the speed at which new tokens enter circulation, typically expressed as...

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)

Web3

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the fundamental computation engine at the center of the...

Expert Systems

AI

An expert system is a computer program that replicates the decision-making ability of a human...

Explainable AI (XAI)

AI

Explainable AI (XAI) is a set of techniques and design principles that make machine-learning...

Feature Extraction

AI

Feature extraction transforms raw data into a set of measurable characteristics that algorithms can...

Federated Learning

AI

Federated Learning is an advanced machine learning technique that trains an artificial intelligence...

Feedforward Network

AI

A feedforward network in the transformer architecture is a simple two-layer neural network applied...

Few-Shot Prompting

AI

Few-shot prompting is a technique where you provide a small number of input-output examples before...

Fine-Tuning

AI

Fine-tuning is the process of taking a pre-trained model and continuing its training on a...

Flash Loan

Web3

A flash loan is an uncollateralized DeFi loan that must be borrowed and repaid within a single...

Foundation Model

AI

A foundation model is a large AI model trained on broad data at massive scale that serves as the...

Funding Rate

Web3

Funding rate is a periodic payment exchanged between long and short perpetual futures holders that...

Gas Fees

Web3

Gas fees are transaction fees paid to validators for executing operations on a blockchain. The term...

Generalization

AI

Generalization is the ability of a machine learning model to perform well on new, previously unseen...

Generative Adversarial Network

AI

A generative adversarial network trains two neural networks in competition: a generator that...

Generative AI

AI

Generative AI refers to machine-learning models that create new content, text, images, audio,...

Generative Model

AI

A generative model learns the probability distribution of training data, enabling it to create new...

Genesis Block

Web3

The Genesis Block is the very first block in a blockchain. It is the starting point that all...

Git

Tech

Git is a distributed version control system that tracks changes to files over time, letting...

Governance Token

Web3

A governance token is a digital asset that grants voting rights in a decentralized autonomous...

Gradient Descent

AI

Gradient descent is the optimization algorithm that trains neural networks by iteratively adjusting...

GraphQL

Tech

GraphQL is a query language for APIs. Clients specify exactly what data they need and the server...

Grounding

AI

Grounding in AI refers to connecting model outputs to verifiable external reality, ensuring that...

gRPC

Tech

gRPC is a high-performance, open-source remote procedure call (RPC) framework that uses Protocol...

Hallucination

AI

Hallucination is when an AI system generates plausible-sounding but completely false information....

Hard Fork

Web3

A hard fork is a blockchain protocol upgrade that is not backwards-compatible. Nodes running the...

Hot Wallet

Web3

A hot wallet is cryptocurrency storage that stays connected to the internet. It holds private keys...

Hyperparameter

AI

A hyperparameter is a configuration value set before training begins that controls the learning...

Hyperparameter Tuning

AI

Hyperparameter tuning is the process of selecting the best settings for the knobs that control how...

Idempotency

Tech

Idempotency is the property where performing an operation multiple times produces the same result...

Image Segmentation

AI

Image segmentation assigns a class label to every pixel in an image, providing dense, pixel-level...

Impermanent Loss

Web3

Impermanent loss is the loss liquidity providers suffer when the price ratio of paired assets...

Inference

AI

Inference is the process of running a trained AI model to generate predictions or outputs. It is...

Instruction Tuning

AI

Instruction tuning is a fine-tuning approach that trains language models on diverse...

Intent

Web3

An intent is a signed message expressing what a user wants to achieve without specifying exactly...

Intent-Centric Architecture

Web3

Intent-Centric Architecture is a design approach where the user's desired outcome, called the...

Internet of Things (IoT)

Tech

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects, sensors, appliances,...

IPFS (InterPlanetary File System)

Tech

IPFS is a peer-to-peer protocol for storing and sharing files. HTTP, the foundation of the web, is...

Knowledge Distillation

AI

Knowledge distillation is a model compression technique where a smaller student model learns to...

Knowledge Graph

AI

A knowledge graph stores information as a network of entities connected by typed relationships....

Kubernetes

Tech

Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform for deploying, scaling, and managing containerized...

KV Cache

AI

KV cache (Key-Value cache) stores the computed Key and Value vectors from previous tokens during...

Large Language Model (LLM)

AI

A Large Language Model is a neural network trained on massive text datasets to predict and generate...

Latency

AI

Latency measures the time delay between initiating a request and receiving a response, a critical...

Layer 1

Web3

Layer 1 refers to the base blockchain protocol, the foundational network that provides security,...

Layer 2

Web3

Layer 2 refers to secondary blockchains built on top of a Layer 1 chain like Ethereum to improve...

Layer Normalization

AI

Layer normalization is a technique that stabilizes neural network training by normalizing...

Leverage

Web3

Leverage amplifies trading exposure beyond your actual capital, multiplying both potential gains...

Limit Order

Web3

A limit order specifies the exact price at which you're willing to trade, providing price certainty...

Liquid Restaking

Web3

Liquid Restaking takes the capital efficiency of liquid staking to its logical and arguably risky...

Liquid Staking

Web3

Liquid staking lets you stake tokens while maintaining liquidity through derivative tokens....

Liquidation

Web3

Liquidation in DeFi is the forced closure of an undercollateralized position, protecting protocols...

Liquidity Pool

Web3

A liquidity pool is a smart contract holding reserves of two or more tokens, enabling decentralized...

Liquidity Pool Volume

Web3

Liquidity pool volume measures the total dollar value of swaps executed through a pool over a given...

Liquidity Provider

Web3

A liquidity provider (LP) deposits assets into trading pools or order books, enabling others to...

Load Balancer

Tech

A load balancer is a system that distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to...

Logit

AI

Logits are the raw, unnormalized scores output by a neural network's final layer before softmax...

LoRA

AI

LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that adds small trainable...

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)

AI

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a technique for fine-tuning large neural networks cheaply. Instead of...

LSTM

AI

Long Short-Term Memory is a recurrent neural network architecture designed to capture long-range...

Machine Translation

AI

Machine Translation (MT) automatically translates text or speech between languages, a foundational...

Margin

Web3

Margin is collateral deposited to open and maintain a leveraged trading position, serving as a...

Market Cap

Web3

Market capitalization represents the total value of a cryptocurrency, calculated by multiplying the...

Market Order

Web3

A market order executes immediately at the best available price, prioritizing speed of execution...

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)

Web3

Maximal Extractable Value is the profit that block producers (validators or miners) can extract by...

Merkle Tree

Tech

A Merkle tree is a data structure for efficiently verifying the integrity of large datasets. You...

Message Queue

Tech

A message queue is an asynchronous communication pattern where services send messages to a queue...

MEV Burn

Web3

MEV burn is a proposed mechanism that would destroy Maximum Extractable Value rather than allowing...

Microservices

Tech

Microservices is an architecture pattern where applications are built as independent, loosely...

Mining Pool

Web3

A mining pool is a cooperative arrangement where individual cryptocurrency miners combine computing...

Mixture of Experts (MoE)

AI

Mixture of Experts is a neural network architecture where only a fraction of the model's parameters...

Model Context Protocol (MCP)

AI

Model Context Protocol is an open standard developed by Anthropic that defines how AI models...

Model Distillation

AI

Model distillation is a technique for creating a smaller, faster model that approximates the...

Model Quantization

AI

Model quantization converts a neural network's numerical representations from high-precision...

Modular Blockchain

Web3

A modular blockchain abandons the monolithic architecture where a single network attempts to handle...

Monorepo

Tech

A monorepo is a software development strategy where multiple projects, packages, or services are...

Multi-Agent Systems

AI

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are collections of autonomous software entities that interact within a...

Multimodal AI

AI

Multimodal AI is a category of models that process multiple data types, text, images, audio, video,...

Named Entity Recognition

AI

Named Entity Recognition (NER) identifies and classifies named entities in text, people,...

Neural Network

AI

A neural network is a computational system loosely inspired by biological neurons, consisting of...

Non-Fungible Token (NFT)

Web3

An NFT is a unique cryptographic token representing ownership of a specific digital or physical...

OAuth

Tech

OAuth is an authorization framework that allows third-party applications to access user resources...

Object Detection

AI

Object detection is a computer vision task that identifies and localizes objects within images by...

Optical Character Recognition

AI

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is the technology that converts images of text, scanned...

Optimistic Rollup

Web3

Optimistic rollups assume all transactions are valid by default (hence 'optimistic'), posting state...

Oracle

Web3

An oracle is a service providing external data to smart contracts. Blockchains are isolated from...

Order Book

Web3

An order book is a real-time ledger of buy and sell orders for an asset on an exchange, displaying...

Overfitting

AI

Overfitting is a fundamental machine learning failure mode where a model memorizes training...

Parallelized EVM

Web3

A Parallelized EVM distributes Ethereum smart-contract execution across multiple CPU cores instead...

Pattern Recognition

AI

Pattern recognition is the process of identifying regularities, structures, or repeated elements...

Payment Channel

Web3

A payment channel is a Layer 2 scaling technique that enables unlimited instant transactions...

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

Web3

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a network architecture where each node acts as both client and server,...

Perpetual Futures

Web3

Perpetual futures are derivative contracts that track an underlying asset's price without...

Perplexity

AI

Perplexity is a metric measuring how well a language model predicts a test dataset, calculated as...

Perplexity Trap

AI

The perplexity trap describes the dangerous assumption that lower perplexity on benchmark datasets...

Positional Encoding

AI

Positional encoding is a technique for injecting sequence position information into transformer...

Predictive Analytics

AI

Predictive analytics turns past and present data into forecasts about future outcomes. It combines...

Prefix Tuning

AI

Prefix tuning is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method that adapts a frozen language model by...

Prompt Engineering

AI

Prompt engineering is the craft of designing inputs to AI systems to produce desired outputs. It's...

Prompt Injection

AI

Prompt injection is a security attack where malicious instructions are embedded in content that an...

Prompt Tuning

AI

Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient adaptation method that learns continuous 'soft prompt'...

Proof of History (PoH)

Web3

Proof of History (PoH) is a cryptographic clock that creates a verifiable sequence of events...

Proof of Stake

Web3

Proof of Stake is a blockchain consensus mechanism where validators are chosen to propose and...

Proof of Work

Web3

Proof of Work is the original blockchain consensus mechanism, used by Bitcoin, that requires...

Protocol Buffer

Tech

Protocol Buffers (protobuf) is a language-neutral, platform-neutral data serialization format...

Protocol Revenue

Web3

Protocol revenue is the income a DeFi protocol generates from fees and services, representing...

Public-Key Cryptography

Web3

Public-key cryptography secures digital information using two mathematically linked keys, a public...

Quantization

AI

Quantization is a model compression technique that reduces the precision of a neural network's...

Quantum Computing

Tech

Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics to process information in ways that classical computers...

Question Answering

AI

Question Answering (QA) systems automatically answer natural language questions, either by...

Random Forest

AI

Random Forest is an ensemble method that builds many decision trees and aggregates their...

Rate Limiting

Tech

Rate limiting is controlling the number of requests a client can make to a service in a time...

Re-ranking

AI

Re-ranking is a two-stage retrieval approach where an initial fast retriever generates candidate...

Real World Assets (RWA)

Web3

Real World Assets (RWAs) represent the tokenization of off-chain, tangible, or traditional...

Reasoning Model

AI

A reasoning model is a class of AI model designed to think before responding, using an internal...

Recurrent Neural Network

AI

A recurrent neural network processes sequential data by maintaining a hidden state that carries...

Reinforcement Learning

AI

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning where an AI learns to make decisions by...

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)

AI

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback is a training technique where humans rank model outputs...

Residual Connection

AI

A residual connection, also called a skip connection, adds the input of a layer directly to its...

REST API

Tech

A REST API is a way for two computer systems to communicate over the internet using standard HTTP...

Restaking

Web3

Restaking is a mechanism that allows ETH stakers to reuse their staked ETH as cryptoeconomic...

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

AI

Retrieval-Augmented Generation is a technique where an LLM queries external knowledge bases before...

Reward Model

AI

A reward model is a neural network trained to predict human preferences, serving as the learned...

Rollup

Web3

A rollup is a Layer 2 scaling solution that executes transactions off-chain for speed and cost...

Rug Pull

Web3

A rug pull is a cryptocurrency scam where project creators abandon a project after extracting...

SAM

AI

SAM (Segment Anything Model) is a foundation model for image segmentation from Meta AI that can...

Scaffold

AI

A scaffold in AI prompting is a structured template that guides models through complex reasoning by...

Scaling Law

AI

Scaling laws are empirical relationships that predict how neural network performance improves as...

Seed Phrase

Web3

A seed phrase, also called a recovery phrase or mnemonic phrase, is a sequence of 12 or 24 randomly...

Self-Attention

AI

Self-attention is an attention mechanism where a sequence attends to itself, allowing each position...

Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI)

Web3

Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) is a model for managing digital identity where individuals own and...

Semantic Similarity

AI

Semantic similarity measures how alike two pieces of text are in meaning, beyond surface-level word...

Semi-Supervised Learning

AI

Semi-supervised learning uses both labeled and unlabeled data to build models. Fully supervised...

Sentiment Analysis

AI

Sentiment analysis determines the emotional tone or opinion expressed in text, classifying content...

Sequencer

Web3

A sequencer orders and batches transactions on a rollup before posting them to Layer 1, playing a...

Serverless

Tech

Serverless is a cloud execution model where providers manage infrastructure. You write functions,...

Serverless Architecture

Tech

Serverless architecture is a cloud-computing model where developers deploy code without managing...

Sharding

Tech

Sharding is a horizontal scaling technique that partitions data across multiple independent...

Slashing

Web3

Slashing is an economic penalty mechanism in Proof of Stake blockchains that automatically...

Slippage

Web3

Slippage is the difference between the expected price of a trade when you initiate it and the...

Smart Contract

Web3

A smart contract is self-executing code deployed on a blockchain. It automatically enforces...

Social Recovery

Web3

Social recovery is a wallet security mechanism that enables account recovery through trusted...

Soft Fork

Web3

A soft fork changes a blockchain's rules in a way that remains backward-compatible with older...

Softmax

AI

Softmax is a mathematical function that transforms a vector of arbitrary real numbers into a...

Soulbound Token (SBT)

Web3

Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) are non-transferable, identity-centric digital tokens that uniquely...

Sparse Expert

AI

A sparse expert is an individual specialized neural network module within a Mixture of Experts...

Spatial Computing

Tech

Spatial computing is a collection of technologies that let digital information exist and interact...

Speculative Decoding

AI

Speculative decoding is an inference acceleration technique that uses a smaller, faster draft model...

Speech Recognition

AI

Speech recognition (Automatic Speech Recognition, ASR) converts spoken language into text, enabling...

SSL/TLS

Tech

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols that...

Stablecoin

Web3

A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency pegged to a stable asset like USD. Volatility is crypto's biggest...

State Channel

Web3

A state channel enables participants to exchange arbitrary state updates off-chain with...

Supervised Learning

AI

Supervised Learning is the most widely used approach in machine learning. The model trains on...

Supply Rate

Web3

Supply rate is the interest rate earned by depositing assets into a DeFi lending protocol,...

Support Vector Machine (SVM)

AI

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm for classification and regression....

Sybil Attack

Web3

A Sybil attack exploits systems that grant power or resources based on identity count by having a...

Synthetic Data

AI

Synthetic data is artificially generated data created to train, test, or evaluate AI systems, as...

TCP/IP

Tech

TCP/IP is the pair of protocols that form the foundation of how data travels across the internet....

Temperature

AI

Temperature is a parameter controlling the randomness of language model output by scaling the...

Text-to-Speech

AI

Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesizes natural-sounding speech from written text, enabling voice...

Throughput

AI

Throughput measures the rate at which a system processes work over time, typically expressed as...

Time-Weighted Average Price

Web3

Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) calculates the average price of an asset over a specified time...

Token

AI

A token is the smallest unit of text that an LLM processes. It's not a word. A word is often...

Token Burn

Web3

Token burning permanently removes tokens from circulation by sending them to an inaccessible...

Tokenization

Web3

Tokenization, in the Web3 context, is the process of representing ownership of a real-world or...

Tokenizer

AI

A tokenizer is a preprocessing system that converts raw text into a sequence of discrete tokens...

Tokenomics

Web3

Tokenomics is the economic design of a cryptocurrency or token system, the rules governing how...

Top-k Sampling

AI

Top-k sampling is a text generation strategy that restricts the model's next token choice to the k...

Top-p Sampling

AI

Top-p sampling, also called nucleus sampling, dynamically selects the smallest set of tokens whose...

Total Value Locked

Web3

Total Value Locked (TVL) measures the aggregate dollar value of all assets deposited in a DeFi...

Transfer Learning

AI

Transfer learning is a machine learning approach where knowledge gained from training on one task...

Transformer

AI

The Transformer is a neural network architecture introduced in the 2017 paper 'Attention Is All You...

Transformer Architecture

AI

The Transformer is a neural-network design introduced in 2017 that processes sequences of data...

Utilization Rate

Web3

Utilization rate measures the percentage of deposited assets currently borrowed in a lending...

Validator

Web3

A validator is a node that proposes and verifies new blocks on a Proof of Stake blockchain. In...

Value at Risk

Web3

Value at Risk (VaR) quantifies the maximum expected loss on a portfolio over a specific time...

Variational Autoencoder

AI

A variational autoencoder is a generative model that learns a probabilistic latent space where...

Vector Database

AI

A vector database is a database optimized for storing and searching high-dimensional numerical...

Vesting Schedule

Web3

A vesting schedule releases tokens to recipients gradually over time rather than all at once,...

Vision Transformer

AI

Vision Transformer (ViT) applies the transformer architecture to images by splitting images into...

Vision Transformers (ViT)

AI

Vision Transformers (ViT) adapt the transformer architecture, originally built for text, to analyze...

Vocabulary

AI

Vocabulary in language models is the complete set of tokens the model recognizes, with each token...

Wallet

Web3

A wallet is software that stores private keys and allows interaction with blockchains. Your private...

Web2

Tech

Web2 describes the second generation of the World Wide Web that emerged in the early 2000s. Unlike...

WebAssembly (Wasm)

Tech

WebAssembly is a binary instruction format for a stack-based virtual machine. It lets you compile...

Webhook

Tech

A webhook is a way for one application to send real-time data to another application the moment...

WebSocket

Tech

WebSocket is a communication protocol that provides full-duplex, persistent connections between...

Word Embeddings

AI

Word embeddings are numeric representations of words that capture meaning and relationships in a...

Wrapped Token

Web3

A wrapped token is a cryptocurrency that represents another cryptocurrency on a different...

Yield

Web3

Yield in DeFi represents the returns earned from deploying capital into protocols, typically...

Yield Farming

Web3

Yield farming is the practice of deploying cryptocurrency across DeFi protocols to maximize returns...

Zero-Knowledge EVM (zkEVM)

Web3

A Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machine (zkEVM) represents the holy grail of blockchain scaling:...

Zero-Knowledge Proof

Tech

A zero-knowledge proof is a cryptographic method to prove knowledge of information without...

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)

Web3

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are cryptographic protocols that let one party (the prover) convince...

Zero-Shot Learning

AI

Zero-shot learning is when an AI system performs tasks it was never explicitly trained on, using...

ZK Rollup

Web3

ZK rollups (Zero-Knowledge rollups) post cryptographic validity proofs to Layer 1 that...